Annals of the early Caliphate, from original sources / by Sir William Muir.

CHAPTER I. Election of Abu Bekr -- CHAPTER II. Expedition of Osama to the Syrian border -- CHAPTER III. Medina threatened : Attack on Medina repulsed -- CHAPTER IV. Return of Osama - Expeditions formed against the Apostate tribes throughout Arabia : Abu Bekr discomfits the rebels at Rabadza - Expeditions to reclaim the apostate tribes -- CHAPTER V. Campaign of Khalid against the false prophet Toleiha : Khalid’s expedition against Toleiha - Khalid defeats Toleiha - Omm Siml discomfited by Khalid - Abu Bekr burns a freebooter alive -- CHAPTER VI. STORT OF MALIK IBN NOWEIRA : Malik IBN Noweira joins Sajah the Prophetess - ls put to death - Khalid marries his widow -- CHAPTER VII. DATTLE OF YEMAMA : The False Prophet Moseilama - Battle of Yemama - The Garden of Death -- CHAPTER VIII. CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE REBELS IN THE EAST AND SOUTH OF ARABIA : Babrein reduced- Reduction of Oman and Mahra - Rebellion in Yemen - Reduction of Yemen-Reduction of Hadhramaut - Authority r-established in the South -- CHAPTER IX. ENROLMENT OF THE DEDOUIN TRIBES FOR WAR BEYOND ARABIA : Arabia aroused by the war-cry from without - All slaves of Arab blood set free - Death of Fatima -- CHAPTER X. CAMPAIGN OF KHALID IN IRAC : State of Persia - Mesopotamia and the Syrian Desert - Irac Araby described - Khalid's victories over the Persians - The River of Blood - Hira capitulates - Hira remains Christian - Khalid's administration in Irac - Khalid takes Anbar and Ain Tamar - Duma stormed by Klalid - Expeditions against Bedouins in Irac - Khalid’s pilgrimage incognito to Mecca -- CHAPTER XI. CAMPAIGN IN SYRIA - BATTLE OF WACUSA ON THE YERMUK : Defeat of Khaild ibn Said in Syria - Reinforcements sent to Syria - Roman army opposes the Moslems on the Yermuk - Indecisive skirmishing with Romans - Khalid transferred to Syria - Khalid's journey across the Desert - Roman and Moslem armies compared - Khalid takes command - Great battle of Wacusa on the Yermuk - Roman army totally defeated -- CHAPTER XII. EVENTS IN IRAC - MOTHANNA AND TIHE PERSIANS - NEED OF REINFORCEMENTS : Motlhanna asks Abu Bekr for reinforcements -- CHAPTER XIII. SICKNESS AND DEATII OF ABU BEKR : Abu Bekr visits Mecca on pilgrimage - Abu Bekr appoints Omar his successor - Death and burial of Abu Bekr - Character of Abu Bekr -- CHAPTER XIV. ACCESSION OF OMAR - REINFORCEMENTS FOR IRAC - CAMPAIGN THERE UNDER ABU OBEID AND MOTHANNA : Omar raises a new levy for Irac - Rustem sends a Persian army against Abu Olbeid - Battle of the Bridge - Moslems routed - Fresh levies ordered to Irac - Mothanna's victory at Boweib - Character of Mothanna -- CHAPTER XV. CAMPAIGN IN SYRIA - TAKING OF DAMASCUS - BATTLE OF FIHL : Syria east of the Jordan - Khalid deposed ; Abu Obeida succeeds him - Siege of Damascus - Storm and capitulation of Damascus - Cathedral of St. John the Baptist - Battle of Fihl - Progress of Moslem conquest on the Jordan -- CHAPTER XVI. YEZDEGIRD SUCCEEUS TO THE THRONE OF PERSIA - BATTLE OF CADESIYA : Yezdegird, King of Persia - Sad, commander-in-chief in Irac - Drath of Mothanna - Sad encamps at Cadesiya - Rustem advanees on Cadesiya - Rustem crosses the river by a dam - Battle of Cadesiya - First day - Attack of the elephants - Second and third days - Night of Clangour - Defeat of Persians - Omar receives tidings of the victory -- CHAPTER XVII. EVENTS FOLLOWING THE DATTLE OF GADESIYA - CA PTURE OF MEDAIN : Advance upon Medain - Western suburb of Medain taken - Capture of Medain - Rich spoil of Medain -- CHAPTER XVIII. BATTLE OF JALOLA - REDUCTION OF MESOPOTAMIA - KUFA AND BUSSORAH FOUNDED : Great booty taken at Jalola - Operations in Mesopotamia and the Delta of the Euphrates - Kufa and Bussorah - Land settled with native cultivators - Factious spirit at Kufa and Bussorah -- CHAPTER XIX. CAMPAIGN IN NORTHERN SYRIA : Northern Syria reduced - Heraclius retires to Constantinople - Story of Jabala, Prince of the Beni Ghassan -- CHAPTER XX. CONQUEST OF PALESTINE : Invasion of Palestine - Jerusalem capitulates to Omar - Omar visits Jerusalem - Causes facilitating conquest of Syria - Humiliation of Jews and Christians - Ordinance of Omar -- CHAPTER XXI. RISING IN NORTHERN SYRIA : Byzantine attack on Northern Syria - Campaign in Asia Minor - Khalid brought to trial - Klalid dies in neglect -- CHAPTER XXII. EXPULSION OF JEWS AND CHRISTIANS FROM ARABIA - THE CIVIL LIST OF OMAR - SLAVES OF ARAB BLOOD MADE FREE : Expulsion of Christians from Najran, and of Jews from Kheibar - Dewan, or civil List, of Omar - Omar perpetuates military organisation - The Coran, how compiled -- CHAPTER XXIII. FAMINE AND PLAGUE : Omar visits Syria after the Plague - Muavia, Governor of Syria -- CHAPTER XIIV. CUNQUEST OF EGYPT : Alexandria taken - Fostat founded - Canal from the Nile to the Red Sea - Second siege of Alexandria -- CHAPTER XXV. ADVANCE ON THE SOUTHERN BORDER OF PERSIA - HORMUZAN TAKEN RISONER : Unsuccessful attack on Persepolis - Capture of Ram Hormuz, Tostar, and Sus - Hormuzan sent prisoner to Medina - Embraces Islam -- CHAPTER XXVI. CONQUEST OF PERSIA : Yezdegird attacks the Moslems - Battle of Nehavend - Persian provinces reduced - Miracle at the siege of Darabgird -- CHAPTER XXVII. THE LATER YEARS OF 0MAR’S REIGN - DOMESTIC EVENTS : Grand Square formed around the Kaaba - Moghira arraigned for adultery - Abu Musa, Governor of Bussorah - Moghira, Governor of Kufa - Deterioration of social life - Luxury, intemperance, and dissipation - Simplicity of Omar's life - Deatlh of Abu Sofian and other Companions --CHAPTER XXVIII. DEATI OF OMAR : Omar stabled by a Persian slave - Omar appoints Electors - Death of Omar - Character and reign of Omar -- CHAPTER XXIX. Election of Othman : The six Electors - Conclave of the Electors - Othman elected Caliph - Hormuzan slain by Omar’s son -- CHAPTER XXX. CALIPIIATE OF OTIEMAN - GENERAL REVIEW : Causes of Othman's unpopularity - Persia, Syria, Asia Minor, and Armenia - Conquests in Northern Africa - Naval victory off Alexandria -- CHAPTER XXXI. DOMESTIC EVENTS DURING TIIE CALIPHATE OF OTHMAN. HIS GROWING UNPOPULARITY : Change of governors at Kufa - Change of governors at Bussorah - Revision of Coran - Story of Abu Dzarr Ghifary - Unlawful amusements checked - Othman's increasing unpopularity - Othman marries Naila -- CHAPTER XXXII. DANGEROUS FACTION AT KUFA - GROWING DISA FFECTION : Emeute at Kufa - Said expelled from Kufa - Aly expostulates with Othman - Othman appeals to the people -- CHAPTER XXXIII. THE OUTLO0K DARKENS : Complainants invited to come forward - Conference of governors at Medina -- CHAPTER XXXIV. TUE PLOT RIPENS - CONSPIRATORS ATTACK MEDINA - DEATH OF OTIMAN : Conspirators attack Medina -Altercation of conspirators with Othman - Tumult in the Great Mosque - Othman besieged in his palace - The blockade - Death of Othman - Burial of Othman -- CHAPTER XXXV. THE ELECTION OF ALY : Aly will not punish the regicides - Aly appoints new governors - Muavia's defiant attitude -- CHAPTER XXXVI. REBELLION AT BUSSORAH : Ayesha at Mecca - Rebellion of Ayesha, Zoheir, and Talha - Rebel army marehes from Mecca to Bussorah - Pursued by Aly - Ayesha's alarm - Zobeir and Talha occupy Bussorah -- CHAPTER XXXVII. BATTLE OF TIIE CAMEL : Aly advances on Bussorah - Negotiations with Zobeir and Talha - Regicides bring on engagement - Battle of the Camel - The insurgents defeated - Ayesha retires to Medina -- CHAPTER XXXVIII. ALY TRANSFERS HIS SEAT OF GOVERNMENT TO KUFA, AFFAIRS IN EGYIT : Cays, Governor of Egypt, deposed - Mohammed son of Abu Bekr appointed Governor of Egypt - Amru joins Muavia – Muavia and Aly -- CHAPTER XXXIX. BATTLE OF SIFFIN : Aly marches against Muavia - Fighting at Siffin - Battle of Siffin - Combat closed by reference to arbitration - The armies break up -- CHAPTER XL. THE KHAREJITES, OR TIHEOCHATIC FACTION, REBEL AGAINST ALY -- CHAPTER XLI. DECISION OF TIHE UMPIRES : The Umpires meet - The decision deposing -- CHAPTER XLII. THE KHAREJITES, OR THEOCRATIC SEPARATISTS, DEFEATED AT NEHRWAN : Hostile attitude of Kharejites - Second campaign against Syria projected - Army diverted by Kharejïies - Kharejites defeated -- CHAPTER XLIII. REVOLT OF EGYPT : Aly abandons the war on Syria - Aly loses Egypt -- CHAPTER XLIV. TILE REMAINDER OF ALYS REIGN : Kharejite émeutes - Syrian expeditions against Aly - Troubles of Aly - Peace between Aly and Muavia -- CHAPTER XLV. ASSASSINATION OF ALY : Conspiracy against Aly, Muivia, and Amru - Muavia and Amru escape - Assassination of Aly - Character of Aly -- CHAPTER XLVI. HASAN SUCCEEDS ALY - ABDICATES IN FAVOUR OF MUAVIA : Hasan abdicates the Caliphate - Muavia sole Caliph -- CHAPTER XLVII. SOME BIOGRAPIIICAL NOTICIS : Amru, Moghira, and Ziud - Muavia acknowledges Ziad as his brother -- CHAPTER XLVIII. YEZID PROCLAIMED HEIR APPARENT - HEREDITARY NOMINATION BECOMES A PRECEDENT : Precedents of succession - Yezid declared Heir Apparent - Precedont for future successions -- CHAPTER XLIX. Yezid and the tragedy at Kerbala : Yezid succeeds to the Caliphat - Hosein sets out for Kufa - Hosein stopped at Kerbala - The tragedy of Kerbala - Death of Hesein - The Moharram -- CHAPTER L. THE OMEYYAD AND ABBASSIDE DYNASTIES, AND CONCLUSION : Rebellion of Ibn Zobeir, Mukhtar, and Kharejites - Abd al Malik and Welid - Omeyyad dynasty - Abbasside dynasty - The Abbassides - Al Mamun - The Motazilites - Golden Age under Abbassides - Fall of the Caliphate - Early influences which still survive - Soonnies and Shiyas - Islam stationary - Causes of decadence.