From trucial states to United Arab Emirates : a society in transition / Frauke Heard-Bey.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 503-517) and indexes.

Chapter One. Geographical Conditions : 1. The changing importance of immutable geographical factors - 2. Ecology : Some implications of the UAE's geographical setting ; Oil , A country of the "Middle East" , Geographical features of the country ; General , The mountains , The desert , The sea - 3. The main geographical features of the individual emirates : Abu Dhabi , Dubai , Sharjah , The northern States and the east coast -- Chapter Two. The Tribal Structure of Society : 1. The basis of the tribal organisation of the population in Eastern Arabia ; Ageless characteristics and changing conditions , The major migrations , The secondary dispersal , The link between the tribal structure and the limited economic opportunities : the "versatile tribesman" - 2. The Bani Yas, their associates, and the development of Abu Dhabi into a “territorial state" : The tribes of Abu Dhabi ; Bani Yas , Manasir , Dhawahir , Nomadic tribes who frequent Abu Dhabi territory ; Awamir, Afar, Manahil, Rashid, Al Murrah - Expansion of Bani Yas Territory ; Longstanding possession of Dhafrah and the Liwa oases , Increasing presence on the coast , Sharing the area with other tribes , The foothold in the Buraimi area develops into the town of al Ain - 3. The tribes on the fringe of the Trucial Coast : Their role vis-à-vis the coastal shaikhdoms , Naim , Al Bu Shamis , Balush , Bani Qitab and Bani Kaab , A new aspect of the old question of allegiance - 4. The multi-tribal Qasimi Empire : General appraisal , The tribes of the northern area ; Sharqiyin , Al Ali , Zaab , Tanaij , Naqbiyin , Ghafalah , Other tribes , Shihuh and Dhahuriyin -- Chapter Three. Administering a Tribal Society : 1. The decentralisation of the administration in the wali system of tribal shaikhdoms : General , The Qasimi Empire ; Rise and disintegration , Ras al Khaimah as a wali's seat and as an independent , Trucial State , Ras al Khaimah's dependencies , Dibah , Shamailiyah-Kalba , Shamailiyah-Fujairah , Daid , Hamriyah, Khan and Hirah - 2. Other means of exercising authority - 3. Abu Dhabi- a tribal confederation's means to absorb change : The setting , The Ruler's representatives ; Dhafrah , Tarif , Jabal al Dhannah , Das Island , Buraimi Oasis , Dalma - 4. Manifestations of administrative sovereignty- with an emphasis on examples from Abu Dhabi : Taxation , Customs duties , Reservation of rights , Subsidies and other manifestations of authority , Jurisdiction -- Chapter Four. The Islamic Basic of Society : 1. The Islamisation of the area : Religions in the area before Islam , Accepting Islam - 2. Influence of the Ibadis struggles against the Caliphate - 3. The religious communities in Trucial Oman at the turn of the twentieth century : Muslims and other communities , The unifying force of Islam in this society - 4. The Muslim system of life on this coast during the first half of the twentieth century : In and around the mosques ; The mosque , Religious theory and practice , Superstitions , Art in religion , Burials , Pilgrimage (Hajj) - Religion and family life ; The Harim , Marriage and divorce , Polygamy , The social role of women , Men's social rating , Other members of the household, servants and slaves , Local Muslims at home - Education ; Within the family , Formal education - The role of Shariah ; Shariah as a guide for the local Muslim's way of life ,Shariah as a source of law for formal jurisdiction - Zakah - 5. Conclusion : the tribal system of the Trucial States and Islam Concineron -- Chapter Five. The Traditional Economics : 1. General - 2. Husbandry in the Trucial States - 3. Hunting, fishing, collecting ; Wildlife and hunting , Fishing , Collecting guano - 4. Agriculture : Date cultivation , Gardens irrigated by aflaj - Desert gardens - 5. Pearling : Economic importance , The oyster , Pearl banks , The dive , Pearling by foreigners - 6. Trade : Trade in pearls , General trade - 7. Manufacturing : General , Boat building , Pottery , Metal-work , Woodwork , Weaving , Camel-trimmings , Fuel -- Chapter Six. The Social Aspects of the Traditional Economy : 1. The changing occupational and social pattern of Abu Dhabi's tribesmen ; The traditional economic basis ; desert and sea Occupational specialisation in Abu Dhabi , The impact of the pearl boom , Changing populations pattern of Abu Dhabi town , Entrepreneurs in the Abu Dhabi pearling industry , The effect of the decline of the pearling industry on the desert tribesmen , Alternative sources of income after the Second World War - 2. The pearling communities in the other Trucial States : The economic structure ; interdependence and debts , Absconding debtors ; Position of British subjects in disputes over debts , The status of immigrants , The divers' court , Members of ruling families interfering in the pearling industry , Effects of the declining demand for pearls , Search for alternative markets for pearls - 3. Socio-economic status of the settled population in the oases : Who owns the land? , Social stratification in villages , Trade in real estate , Establishing new gardens - 4. Side effects of the economic stress : The limitations of resources and economic opportunities , Factors leading to raids and maritime ghazu ; Resurgence of raiding , Trading in slaves - 5. The role of women in the economy - 6. Conclusion : uniformity of life-style due to economic limitations -- Chapter Seven. The Development of a City State on the Coast-Example Dubai : 1. Dubai before the 1950s ; Early history , Developing into a focal point for trade and pearling , Immigration of Arab merchants from the Persian coast , Bringing a new feature to the town-the windtower house , Sketch of the town before work on the creek began ; The town and the people , Collection of customs duties , The Second World War and its aftermath , Domestic slaves , Some wind of change , The roots of discontent - 2. The Reform Movement : The new Majlis , The consequences of the existence of the Majlis - 3. Development of a modern infrastructure in Dubai : First step ; improving the creek , Improving the town , Land management , The harbour project leading to large scale industrialisation - 4. Development of community services ; Background , Medical facilities , Education , Police force - 5. Analysis of the achievements -- Chapter Eight. The External Influences : 1. Before the 19th century : The Portuguese on the Arab coasts , The Qawasim , The polarisation of Eastern Arabian tribes into Hinawi and Ghafiri factions ; The Civil War in Oman , Enumeration of Ghafiri and Hinawi tribes of the area later called Trucial Oman , Wahhabi influence on the area - 2. Qawasim, Oman and Great Britain at the beginning of the 19th century : Early English trade interests in the Gulf , Qawasim clashes with English shipping ; Decline of Qasimi trade , The memory of the Portuguese conquests , Qawasim resentment of British-Muscatia rapprochement , The implications of the 1820 treaty ; The objectives of the British authorities , Impact of the Treaty on the relationships between Arab Rulers , Practicalities of peace keeping , Culmination of the maritime peace policy in 1853 - 3. Growing British military and political involvement : Anti-slavery treaties , The littoral shaikhdoms under British eyes , British-inspired agreement concerning absconding debtors , Intervention in internal matters - 4. Political benefits of the British influence - 5. British anticipation of economic benefits : Move to exclude non-British economic interests , Negotiations between Petroleum Concessions Ltd and Trucial States Rulers , The use of other facilities , Territorial sovereignty during early oil exploration - 6. The Buraimi issue up to 1955 - 7. British involvement in the 1950s and 1960s : A change in attitude , Growing financial commitments of the oil companies , The political representation , Making the countryside secure , Foreign jurisdiction ; The framework , The courts , Persons under this jurisdiction , Matters under this jurisdiction; adapted and new legislation , The effects , The Development Office ; General , Health services , Agriculture , Surveys , Roads , Education , Analysis of British development efforts -- Chapter Nine. The Formation of the Federation : 1. British withdrawal : The Labour Government's economic measures , The technicalities of withdrawal , The Bahrain predicament , Speculation that the Conservatives might reverse policy - 2. Local response to the new situation : Early stages in co-operation , The first federation meeting - 3. The three-year construction period : Discovering the realities of federal life ; The advisers take stock , Three meetings of the Supreme Council of Rulers , A period for clarifying bilateral relations , The federation in suspension , A comprehensive agreement-never signed , Preparing for the possibility of withdrawal from the federation , Half-hearted revival of the federation of nine emirates ; The June 1970 meeting of Deputy Rulers , A new British Government-will it withdraw or not? , The thorny issue of representation in the Union Council , Attempts at mediation , Omani participation in the federation? , The last resort ; Saudi-Kuwaiti mediation efforts , The Conservative Government moves , Bahrain and Qatar opt out while Abu Dhabi prepares for the worst - 4. Agreement to establish the UAE : The UAE agreed upon , Making it workable , The issue of the islands , The UAE proclaimed , Ras al Khaimah-last but not least - 5. The Constitution of the UAE : A constitution made for the nine Gulf emirates , Centralistic and federalistic elements , The division of powers-legislative, executive and judicial - 6. The provisional constitution remains -- Chapter Ten. The UAE in the Third Decade of its Existence : 1. Policy formulation and reaction to external developments ; Strategic use of foreign policy , Neighbours at war: 1980-1988 , The GCC-a new identity , The Kuwait Crisis and after , The immediate neighbourhood in a new light - 2. Progress in the domestic affairs of the federal state : The economic base , Higher education-investment in human resources , A country shared with others , "My home is my castle" , Constitutional crises of the 1970s, closing ranks in the 1980s , Legislation and jurisdiction -- Index of Tribal Names -- Maps : The United Arab Emirates - The Middle East - Eastern Arabia - The Western Area (geography) - The Western Area (the tribes) - The Northern Area (geography) - The Northern Area (the tribes) - Dubai in 1964 - Dubai in 1981.