Lebanon in history from the earliest times to the present / by Philip K. Hitti.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

PART I. IN PREHISTORY : CHAPTER I. Lard PAGE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES: GEOGRAPHIC, HISTORICAL, CULTURAL -- CHAPTER II. THE MOUNTAIN AND THE PLAIN : La The maritime plain - The Lebanon proper - Gorges and valleys - Al-Biqa' - Eastern Lebanon - Rock formation - In geologic times - A haven of refuge -- CHAPTER III. CLIMATE, PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE : Winds and rain – Temperature - Erosion and streams - Vegetation - Floral zones - The olive tree - The cedar: patriarch of the Lebanese forest-Fauna - Natural resources -- CHAPTER IV. IN PRE-LITERARY TIMES : Old Stone Age - The oldest skeletal remains - Way of life - Two great achievements: fire and language - Middle and Late Stone Ages - Animals tamed, plants domesticated - Settled life - Higher life – Pottery -- CHAPTER V. THE METAL AGE : Chalcolithic - Ghassûlian - Culture Ethnic relations – PART II. ANCIENT SEMITIC TIMES : CHAPTER VI. THE CANAANITES: FIRST MAJOR COMMUNITY IN LEBANON : Dim beginnings - Land of Canaan - City-states - Relation with Egypt - Egyptian suzerainty - Tale of Sinuhe - Hyksos domination - Lebanon incorporated into the Egyptian empire - Mitannians in Syria - A new world power, the Hittites - International mêlée - Diplomatic double dealing - The pathetic case of Rib Addi - Final settlement - Loss of Egypt's control – CHAPTER VII. PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE: TRADE, ARTS AND COLONIES : Aramaeans - The Philistines - The Hebrews - The golden age: full independence -Political leagues - Sea and land routes - Sidon and Tyre - Economy: agriculture-Crafts and arts - Architecture - Music - Industry: glass - Textiles - Purple – Navigation - Africa circumnavigated – Colonies - In Iberia - In Greece – Carthage -- CHAPTER VIII. LITERATURE, RELIGION AND OTHER CULTURAL ASPECTS :. The alphabet – Literature – Ugarit - Fertility cult - Tammuz and Ishtar – Gods - Temples - Idols -"High Places" - Future life - Canaanite influence on the Hebrews -- CHAPTER IX. WITHIN THE SPHERE OF ASSYRO-BABYLONIAN INFLUENCE : Relations|: with early Babylonia - With Assyria - Tyre's heroic stand - Sidon and Tyre succumb - Neo-Babylonians replace Assyrians - Cultural radiation -- CHAPTER X. A PERSIAN PROVINCE : Sidon, capital of Syrian satrapy - Federation and struggle for independence - Cultural aspects – PART III. THE GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD : CHAPTER XI. ALEXANDER AND HIS SUCCESSORS, THE SELEUCIDS : Persian rout at Issus - Phoenician cities open their gates - Tyre in ruins - An empire destroyed - East meets West - Between an upper and a nether millstone - Sidon again at the forefront - Under the Seleucids - Autonomy - Last convulsions of the Seleucid kingdom - Tigranes followed by Pompey -- CHAPTER XII. ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ASPECTS: HELLENIZATION : Trade - Agriculture and industry - Colonial activity - Cultural interpenetration - Philosophers and poets - Zeno, founder of Stoicism -- CHAPTER XIII. UNDER ROMAN SWAY : A subdivision of a province - Lebanon acquires a "new look" - Economic productivity - Trade relations and colonization -- CHAPTER XIV. INTELLECTUAL INTERESTS : Philosophers and scholars - Rhetoricians - Contributions to Neo-Platonism - Latin literature – Syriac -- CHAPTER XV. LEBANON CHRISTIANIZED : Tyre, first Christian centre - Northward penetration and persecution - Christianity, official religion -- CHAPTER XVI. HELIOPOLIS A RELIGIOUS AND BERYTUS AN EDUCATIONAL CENTRE : Two Roman colonies - The great temple - Berytus, a Roman colony -Seat of a law academy-Student life -- PART IV. THE ARAB ERA : CHAPTER XVII. IN THE EMBRACE OF ISLAM : Military operations - The Jabiyah conference - Military districts -- CHAPTER XVIII. MARONITES, DRUZES AND OTHER SECTARIANS : Aramaic survivals - The Mardaites - Saint Maron - John Maron - The spread of Maronitism - The East Syrian Church - The West Syrian Church - The Melkites - A Christian island in a sea of Islam - Druzes - Spread of Druzism – Nusayris – Matawilah -- CHAPTER XIX. UNDER THE ABBASID CALIPHATE AND SUCCESSOR STATES : 'Abbasids supersede the Umayyads - The decisive battle of al-Zab - Uprising in Lebanon - Al-Awza'I - Qusta ibn-Luqa - Disintegration of the 'Abbasid state - The Tülünid dynasty - The Ikhshidid dynasty - The Fatimids - Byzantine incursions - Saljuq Turks - "Land of hermits and fruits" -- CHAPTER XX. WEST MEETS EAST - THE CRUSADES : Papal appeal - Early success - On the way to Jerusalem - Tyre spared - Jerusalem, capital of the Latin kingdom - The Lebanese seaports occupied - Tripoli of the banu-'Ammar - Fortifications - Qal'at al-Shaqif - Moslem reaction: Zangi - Enter Salah-al-Din - The struggle for 'Akka - Under Salah-al-Din's successors - Mamlüks replace Ayyübids - Mongol incursions - Hero of a new counter-Crusade: Baybars - Qalawun, a worthy successor – ‘Akka regained -- CHAPTER XXI. LATIN-LEBANESE INTERRELATIONSHIP : What the Franks learned - General effect on the East: architecture - Economy - Cultural and social impact - Language and religion - Maronites, France and the pope - Indirect results: missionary activity - Mamlük reprisals -- CHAPTER XXII. LIFE IN THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES : Lebanon divided - The Buḥturs of al-Gharb - Feudalism in Lebanon - Tripoli, capital of a province - Agriculture - Industry and trade - Last Mongol onslaught - Intellectual aspects – Schools - Christian education - Intellectual output – CHAPTER XXIII. ON THE EVE OF OTTOMAN ASCENDANCY : All-sea route to India - Advent of Ottoman Turks - Duel with Persia - Marj Dabiq, a decisive encounter - Destruction of the Mamluk régime - The caliphal episode – PART V. UNDER THE OTTOMAN TURKS : CHAPTER XXIV. UNDER THE CRESCENT AND THE STAR : Ottoman administration - Ra'iyah and millah - Capitulary rights - Zenith of Ottoman power - Inherent and acquired elements of weakness - Turkish culture – CHAPTER XXV. THE PRINCES OF THE MOUNTAIN : THE MA'NS : The 'Assäfs and Sayfas - Turkish invasion of Lebanon - Fakhr-al- Din II, grand amir of Lebanon - In Italy – CHAPTER XXVI. THE PRINCES OF THE MOUNTAIN: THE SHIHABS : The Shihabs succeed - New alignment of feudal aristocracy - Greater Lebanon re-established - Zahir al-'Umar - Al-Jazzar, the butcher – CHAPTER XXVII. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS : Foreign trade - A Lebanese family of French consuls - Maronite students in Rome - Al-Sam'äni - The synod of al-Luwayzah - South Lebanon - Druze socio-religious organization – Matawilah -- CHAPTER XXVIII. THE NINETEENTH: A CENTURY OF CHANGE : Bashir the Great, second architect of Greater Lebanon - Ibrahim - Pasha in Syria - Beirut takes the lead - Early British residents - Imperial attempts at reform – CHAPTER XXIX. The DECADES OF CIVIL DISTURBANCE: 1840 TO 1860 : The first outburst - Solutions that created more problems than they solved - A year that has lived in infamy – Pacification - Reorganization -- CHAPTER XXX. THE MUTASARRIFIYAN OF JABAL LUBNAN : Daud Pasha and Yusuf Karam - Seven other mutagarrifs -The silver lining -- CHAPTER XXXI. THE IMPACT OF THE WEST AND THE MODERN AWAKENING : Educational work: Catholic and Protestant - The printing press – Libraries and bookshops - Indigenous modern schools - Pioneers in modern scholarship - Newspapers and magazines – Drama – CHAPTER XXXII. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL UPHEAVALS : Transformation in economy - Tensions and dislocations – Lebanon the emigrant - Nationalism and political democracy - The Young Turks and Ottomanism -- CHAPTER XXXIII. Two WORLD WARS AND THE MANDATE BETWEEN : Deserted villages - Under the French - Greater Lebanon resuscitated - Nominal independence - Under martial law - Full independence achieved -- CHAPTER XXXIV. A UNDER THE CEDAR FLAG: PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS : In the political arena - Trade and transit - Beirut, gateway of the East – Agriculture - Industrial development - An effective peaceful revolution.